The construction of extreme compositions     

Ross M. Renner 《Mathematical Geology》1995,27(4):485-497

If a geochemical compositional dataset X (n×p)is a realization of a physical mixing process, then each of its sample (row) vectors will approximately be a convex combination (mixture) of a fixed set of (l×p)extreme compositions termed endmembers. The kpoints in p-space corresponding to a specified set of k (klinearly independent endmember estimates associated with a p-variate (n×p)compositional dataset X,define the vertices of a (k–1)dimensional simplex H.The nestimated mixtures X (n×p)which together account for the systematic variation in the dataset X,should each be convex combinations of the kfixed endmember estimates. Accordingly,the npoints in p-space which represent these mixtures should be interior points of the simplex H.Otherwise, for each sample point which lies outside H,at least one of the mixture coefficients (endmember contributions) will be negative. The purpose of this paper is to describe procedures for expanding H in the situation that its vertices are not a set of extreme points for the set which represents the mixtures.  相似文献   

“7·20”河南极端暴雨精细观测及热动力成因          下载免费PDF全文

齐道日娜  何立富  王秀明  陈双 《应用气象学报》2022,33(1):1-15

利用分钟降水资料、FY-4A气象卫星高分辨率资料、多普勒天气雷达资料和ERA5再分析资料对2021年“7·20”河南极端暴雨过程中尺度系统精细结构及热动力发展机制进行观测分析和诊断研究, 结果表明: 该过程发生在“两高对峙”的鞍型场弱背景下, 其主导系统为500 hPa弱低压系统和低层偏东风切变线; 极端暴雨主要由水平尺度约300 km呈近乎圆形结构中尺度对流复合体产生, 其长时间维持与内部多个中尺度对流系统的合并及外围东南侧暖湿区新生单体的持续并入有关; 郑州站小时强降水(201.9 mm· h-1)由几乎静止的低质心β中尺度弓状回波产生, 其分钟降水量持续在3~4.7 mm; 边界层风场的动力辐合触发强烈对流, 使得强降水区上空θ_se锋区长时间处于中性层结, 其高层辐散气流在西北太平洋副热带高压附近构成次级环流下沉支; 中层500 hPa低压区气旋式曲率附近正涡度平流和925 hPa偏东气流持续暖平流输送、低层变形场锋生作用, 以及来自华东近海边界层急流异常强盛的水汽输送是此次极端过程发展维持的热动力学成因。  相似文献   

1951—2020年广州地区极端气温指数年月尺度变化研究     

江铭诺  李冠毅  何婉文  王沛东  李舒文 《热带气象学报》2022,38(2):239-252

根据广州国家基本气象站1951—2020年的逐日气温资料,采用线性趋势法、距平及累积距平法和Mann-Kendall检验法,对WMO推荐的16种极端气温指数中的13种以及2种结合本地实际的新的极端气温指数共计15种指数进行计算,从月尺度和年尺度分析广州地区各极端气温指数随时间变化的趋势和突变年份,并对以往研究中较少探究的基期的选择对相对极端气温指数的结果影响进行了对比分析。(1) 从年尺度看,广州地区近70 a的夏日日数SU25、酷热日数SU35、热夜日数TR20、非常热夜日数TR26、最高气温TXx、最低气温TNn、最低气温最大值TNx、相对暖夜日数TN90p、暖昼日数TX90p、显著偏暖持续指数WSDI均呈现明显的上升趋势,相对冷夜日数TN10p、冷昼日数TX10p和偏冷持续指数CSDI呈现下降趋势,气温日较差DTR和最高气温最小值TXn变化趋势不明显;(2) 新的极端气温指数SU35和TR26的上升速率明显大于SU25和TR20的上升速率,能更好地反映近70 a昼夜体感炎热日数呈现极显著的上升趋势,更加符合评估气候变化对当地生产生活的影响;(3) 从月尺度来看近70 a广州地区的暖系列极值气温指数TXx和TNx在夏季出现了明显的上升;相对极端气温指数TX90p在广州地区气候学意义的夏季(4—10月)的上升趋势除了5月以外均达到极显著水平;广州地区夏季相对暖(热)昼的上升是导致全年相对暖(热)昼上升的主要因素, 这与国内大部分地区冬季升温较为明显的结论有所不同;(4) 以三个不同基期(1961—1990年/1971—2000年/1981—2010年)的选择对相对极端气温指数的计算结果影响发现,基期的不同选择对相对极端气温指数的计算结果有一定影响,但不影响其变化趋势;(5) 突变分析显示广州地区近70 a的SU25、SU35、TMAXmean(平均最高气温)、TXx和TX90p的突变发生在1997年前后;TR20、TR26、TMINmean(平均最低气温)、TNn、TNx、TN10p、TX10p和TN90p的突变发生在1985年前后;结果符合全球气候变化的大趋势,可以为广州地区应对气候变化和预防极端天气灾害提供科学的理论依据和参考。   相似文献   

1981—2020年安徽省不同重现期最大风速和极大风速时空变化特征     

李丽  王业斌  鲁俊  王晓东  吴萍  陶寅 《热带气象学报》2022,38(5):662-670

分别从质量控制级别、有效数据完整率、是否均一等方面考虑,选取安徽省51个气象站1981—2020年逐日10 min最大风速和2006—2020年逐日极大风速资料,基于最大风速资料应用阵风系数法构建1981—2005年极大风速,得到1981—2020年极大风速的长时间序列数据;对风速资料进行拟合适度检验,估算了安徽省不同重现期最大风速和极大风速的时间变化以及空间分布,并对极大风速序列延长前后重现期估算情况进行了对比。结果表明:(1) 利用阵风系数法构建的极大风速数据可信,可为因缺少长时间序列的极大风速观测而无法进行50年或者更长重现期估算提供参考;(2) 1981—2020年安徽省历年最大风速强度为12.38 m/s,极大风速强度为20.55 m/s,均为皖南低矮山区的风速值较低,沿江西部及江淮之间中部处于相对大值区;(3) 30年重现期最大风速为12.09~27.23 m/s,50年为12.64~29.01 m/s,均是石台站最小,桐城站最大;30年重现期的极大风速为23.51~39.56 m/s,50年为24.58~41.93 m/s,均为池州站最小,桐城站最大;(4) 短期的观测资料会降低重现期估算结果的可靠性。   相似文献   

Strengthened influence of the East Asian trough on spring extreme precipitation variability over eastern Southwest China after the late 1980s          下载免费PDF全文

Yating Nan  Jianqi Sun  Mengqi Zhang  Haixu Hong  Junpeng Yuan 《大气和海洋科学快报》2022,15(5):100191

The relationship between variations in the East Asian trough (EAT) intensity and spring extreme precipitation over Southwest China (SWC) during 1961–2020 is investigated. The results indicate that there is an interdecadal increase in the relationship between the EAT and spring extreme precipitation over eastern SWC around the late 1980s. During the latter period, the weak (strong) EAT corresponds to a strong and large-scale anomalous anticyclone (cyclone) over the East Asia–Northwest Pacific region. The EAT-related anomalous southerlies (northerlies) dominate eastern SWC, leading to significant upward (downward) motion and moisture convergence (divergence) over the region, providing favorable (unfavorable) dynamic and moisture conditions for extreme precipitation over eastern SWC. In contrast, during the former period, the EAT-related circulation anomalies are weak and cover a relatively smaller region, which cannot significantly affect the moisture and dynamic conditions over eastern SWC; therefore, the response in extreme precipitation over eastern SWC to EAT is weak over the period. The interdecadal change in the relationship between eastern SWC spring extreme precipitation and the EAT could be related to the interdecadal change in the EAT variability. The large (small) variability of the EAT is associated with significant (insignificant) changes in spring extreme precipitation over eastern SWC during the latter (former) period.摘要本文研究表明东亚大槽强度与中国西南地区东部春季极端降水的关系在20世纪80年代末后显著增强, 这可能与东亚大槽自身变率的年代际变化有关. 在80年代末之后, 东亚大槽的变率显著增强, 其对应的大气环流异常也偏强, 范围偏大, 可以显著影响西南地区东部的水汽和动力条件, 从而引起该地区春季极端降水的显著变化. 而在80年代末之前, 东亚大槽的变率偏弱, 其对应的大气环流异常也偏弱, 范围偏小, 因此不能对西南地区东部春季极端降水的变化产生显著影响.  相似文献   

Climatology of Tropical Cyclone Extreme Rainfall over China from 1960 to 2019     

Ying LI  Dajun ZHAO 《大气科学进展》2022,39(2):320-332

Tropical cyclone extreme rainfall(TCER)causes devastating floods and severe damage in China and it is therefore important to determine its long-term climatological distribution for both disaster prevention and operational forecasting.Based on the tropical cyclone(TC)best-track dataset and TC precipitation data from 1960 to 2019,the spatiotemporal distribution of TCER affecting China is analyzed.Results show that there were large regional differences in the threshold for TCER in China,decreasing from the southeastern coast to the northwest inland.TCER occurred infrequently in northern China but had a high intensity and was highly localized.The frequency and intensity of TCER showed slightly increasing trends over time and was most likely to occur in August(41.0%).Most of the TC precipitation processes with extreme rainfall lasted for four to six days,with TCER mainly occurring on the third to fourth days.TCER with wide areas showed a northwestward prevailing track and a westward prevailing track.Strong TCs are not always accompanied by extreme precipitation while some weak TCs can lead to very extreme rainfall.A total of 64.7%(35.3%)of the TCER samples occurred when the TC was centered over the land(sea).TCER≥250 mm was located within 3°of the center of the TC.When the center of the TC was located over the sea(land),the extreme rainfall over land was most likely to appear on its northwestern(northeastern)side with a dispersed(concentrated)distribution.TCER has unique climatic characteristics relative to the TC precipitation.  相似文献   

High-resolution Simulation of an Extreme Heavy Rainfall Event in Shanghai Using the Weather Research and Forecasting Model: Sensitivity to Planetary Boundary Layer Parameterization     

Rui WANG  Yiting ZHU  Fengxue QIAO  Xin-Zhong LIANG  Han ZHANG  Yang DING 《大气科学进展》2021,38(1):98-115

In this study,an extreme rainfall event that occurred on 25 May 2018 over Shanghai and its nearby area was simulated using the Weather Research and Forecasting model,with a focus on the effects of planetary boundary layer(PBL)physics using double nesting with large grid ratios(15:1 and 9:1).The sensitivity of the precipitation forecast was examined through three PBL schemes:the Yonsei University Scheme,the Mellor?Yamada?Nakanishi Niino Level 2.5(MYNN)scheme,and the Mellor?Yamada?Janjic scheme.The PBL effects on boundary layer structures,convective thermodynamic and large-scale forcings were investigated to explain the model differences in extreme rainfall distributions and hourly variations.The results indicated that in single coarser grids(15 km and 9 km),the extreme rainfall amount was largely underestimated with all three PBL schemes.In the inner 1-km grid,the underestimated intensity was improved;however,using the MYNN scheme for the 1-km grid domain with explicitly resolved convection and nested within the 9-km grid using the Kain?Fritsch cumulus scheme,significant advantages over the other PBL schemes are revealed in predicting the extreme rainfall distribution and the time of primary peak rainfall.MYNN,with the weakest vertical mixing,produced the shallowest and most humid inversion layer with the lowest lifting condensation level,but stronger wind fields and upward motions from the top of the boundary layer to upper levels.These factors all facilitate the development of deep convection and moisture transport for intense precipitation,and result in its most realistic prediction of the primary rainfall peak.  相似文献   

Impact of the Monsoonal Surge on Extreme Rainfall of Landfalling Tropical Cyclones     

Dajun ZHAO  Yubin YU  Lianshou CHEN 《大气科学进展》2021,38(5):771-784

A comparative analysis and quantitative diagnosis has been conducted of extreme rainfall associated with landfalling tropical cyclones(ERLTC) and non-extreme rainfall(NERLTC) using the dynamic composite analysis method.Reanalysis data and the tropical cyclone precipitation dataset derived from the objective synoptic analysis technique were used.Results show that the vertically integrated water vapor transport(Q_(vt)) during the ERLTC is significantly higher than that during the NERLTC.The Q_(vt) reaches a peak 1-2 days before the occurrence of the ERLTC and then decreases rapidly.There is a stronger convergence for both the Q_(vt) and the horizontal wind field during the ERLTC.The Qvt convergence and the wind field convergence are mainly confined to the lower troposphere.The water vapor budget on the four boundaries of the tropical cyclone indicates that water vapor is input through all four boundaries before the occurrence of the ERLTC,whereas water vapor is output continuously from the northern boundary before the occurrence of the NERLTC.The water vapor inflow on both the western and southern boundaries of the ERLTC exceeds that during the NERLTC,mainly as a result of the different intensities of the southwest monsoonal surge in the surrounding environmental field.Within the background of the East Asian summer monsoon,the low-level jet accompanying the southwest monsoonal surge can increase the inflow of water vapor at both the western and southern boundaries during the ERLTC and therefore could enhance the convergence of the horizontal wind field and the water vapor flux,thereby resulting in the ERLTC.On the other hand,the southwest monsoonal surge decreases the zonal mean steering flow,which leads to a slower translation speed for the tropical cyclone associated with the ERLTC.Furthermore,a dynamic monsoon surge index(DMSI) defined here can be simply linked with the ERLTC and could be used as a new predictor for future operational forecasting of ERLTC.  相似文献   

Moisture Origins and Transport Processes for the 2020 Yangtze River Valley Record-Breaking Mei-yu Rainfall※     

Lixia ZHANG  Dan ZHAO  Tianjun ZHOU  Dongdong PENG  Chan XIAO 《大气科学进展》2021,38(12):2125-2136

The summer of 2020 recorded a record-breaking flood due to excessive mei-yu rain falling over the Yangtze River Valley (YRV). Using the Lagrangian model FLEXPART, this paper investigates moisture sources and transport processes behind this extreme event. Based on climate data from 1979 to 2019, the air-particle (an infinitesimally small air parcel) trajectories reaching the YRV show sectors that correspond to five main moisture sources: the Indian monsoon region (IND, 27.5％ of the total rainfall), the local evaporation (27.4％), the Western Pacific Ocean (WPO, 21.3％), the Eurasian continent (8.5％) and Northeast Asia (4.4％). In the 2020 mei-yu season, moisture from all source regions was above normal except that from Northeast Asia. A record-breaking moisture source from the IND and WPO dominated this extreme mei-yu flood in 2020, which was 1.5 and 1.6 times greater than the climate mean, respectively. This study reveals a significant relationship between the moisture source with three moisture transport processes, i.e., trajectory density, moisture content, and moisture uptake of air-particles. A broad anomalous anticyclonic circulation over the Indo-Northwestern Pacific (Indo-NWP) provides a favorable environment to enhance the moisture transport from the IND and WPO into the YRV. In the 2020 mei-yu season, a record-breaking Indo-NWP anomalous anticyclonic circulation contributed to a higher trajectory density as well as higher moisture content and moisture uptake of air-particles from the IND and WPO regions. This collectively resulted in unprecedented moisture transport from source origins, thus contributing to the mei-yu flood over the YRV in 2020.  相似文献   

Toward Understanding the Extreme Floods over Yangtze River Valley in June?July 2020: Role of Tropical Oceans※     

Shaolei TANG  Jing-Jia LUO  Jiaying HE  Jiye WU  Yu ZHOU  Wushan YING 《大气科学进展》2021,38(12):2023-2039,中插8-中插11

The extreme floods in the Middle/Lower Yangtze River Valley (MLYRV) during June?July 2020 caused more than 170 billion Chinese Yuan direct economic losses. Here, we examine the key features related to this extreme event and explore relative contributions of SST anomalies in different tropical oceans. Our results reveal that the extreme floods over the MLYRV were tightly related to a strong anomalous anticyclone persisting over the western North Pacific, which brought tropical warm moisture northward that converged over the MLYRV. In addition, despite the absence of a strong El Ni?o in 2019/2020 winter, the mean SST anomaly in the tropical Indian Ocean during June?July 2020 reached its highest value over the last 40 years, and 43％ (57％) of it is attributed to the multi-decadal warming trend (interannual variability). Based on the NUIST CFS1.0 model that successfully predicted the wet conditions over the MLYRV in summer 2020 initiated from 1 March 2020 (albeit the magnitude of the predicted precipitation was only about one-seventh of the observed), sensitivity experiment results suggest that the warm SST condition in the Indian Ocean played a dominant role in generating the extreme floods, compared to the contributions of SST anomalies in the Maritime Continent, central and eastern equatorial Pacific, and North Atlantic. Furthermore, both the multi-decadal warming trend and the interannual variability of the Indian Ocean SSTs had positive impacts on the extreme floods. Our results imply that the strong multi-decadal warming trend in the Indian Ocean needs to be taken into consideration for the prediction/projection of summer extreme floods over the MLYRV in the future.  相似文献